# Games Programming Upon Completion of this Unit you will be able to * Design a game concept * Produce a Working Demo * Evaluate Demo {% file src="/files/-L\_gLSmq6Uo22RwnFa7C" %} Task Sheet {% endfile %} Commenting Indentation Naming Variables Data Structures Control Structures Operators ## Pico-8 Pico-8 is an IDE ( Integrated Developer Environment ) that uses the Lua programming language. Pico-8 attempts to replicate the limitations of 8bit video games systems. Sticking to these limitations helps us to control the scope of our projects and means we only have to worry about one program when we are starting out. ![enter image description here](https://www.lexaloffle.com/gfx/p8_jelpi.gif) Text Commands Code Editor Sprite Editor Tile Editor Sound Effects Music Tracker init draw update ## Making your first game We press Escape to enter the blank code screen In order to clear the screen we type; ``` CLS() ``` If we run this code we can see that the screen is cleared Next we can type; ``` PRINT("HELLO") ``` This will print the word hello on the screen. If we want to draw a sprite on screen we will type; ``` SPR(0,64,64) ``` In this example 0 selects sprite slot 0, 64 draw the sprite 64 pixels along horizontally, and, the next 64 draws the sprite 64 pixels along vertically In order to make our sprite move horizontally, we need to perform arithmetic on the first 64. To do this, we need to substitute 64 with a value - for example x. We will need to define what x is, now we can perform arithmetic on the value x. ``` SPR(0,x,64) X=64 X=X+1 ``` At this point we need to split our code into the three built-in functions used in pico-8. **FUNCTION \_INIT()** This function contains and initializes all the variables that we will use. **FUNCTION \_DRAW()** This function describes all the elements that will be drawn on the screen. **FUNCTION \_UPDATE()** This function contains all of the game logic. This function is called 30 times each second. ``` FUNCTION _INIT() x=64 END FUNCTION _DRAW() SPR(0,x,64) END FUNCTION _UPDATE() X=X+1 END ``` This example will sho our sprite moving to the right forever. Now we want to move the sprite only when we press a key. ``` FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN X=X+1 END END ``` Now our sprite will only move when we press the right arrow key. In order to make the sprite move in two directions, we can reuse our code and change the name of the button used, as well as the arithmetic. ``` FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN X=X+1 END IF BTN(0) THEN X=X-1 END END ``` Now our sprite can move both to the left and to the right. As it stand right not, our sprite can move off of the screen - in order to stop this we can set some limits. ``` FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN X=X+1 END IF BTN(0)THEN X=X-1 END IF X>120 THEN X=120 END END ``` We can use this to limit the movement in the other direction as well. ``` FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN X=X+1 END IF BTN(0)THEN X=X-1 END IF X>120 THEN X=120 END IF X<0 THEN X=0 END END ``` In order to animate the sprite, we need to manipulate the sprite value. First we need to substitute 0 for S in our draw function, then we can add S=0 in our init function, then we can apply arithmetic and limits in our update function. You should always avoid using sprite slot 0. ``` FUNCTION _INIT() X=64 S=1 END FUNCTION _DRAW() CLS() SPR(S,X,64) END FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN X=X+1 END IF BTN(0)THEN X=X-1 S=S+1 END IF X>120 THEN X=120 END IF X<0 THEN X=0 END IF S>2 THEN S=1 END END ``` In order to flip our sprite horizontally, we can add additional information to our sprite line. ``` SPR(S,X,64,1,1,TRUE) ``` In order to manipulate this value 'TRUE', we need to give it a name and then initialize it in our init function. ``` SPR(S,X,64,1,1,F) ``` ``` F=FALSE ``` ``` FUNCTION _INIT() X=64 S=1 F=FALSE END FUNCTION _DRAW() CLS() SPR(S,X,64) END FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN X=X+1 S=S+1 F=FALSE END IF BTN(0)THEN X=X-1 S=S+1 F=TRUE END IF X>120 THEN X=120 END IF X<0 THEN X=0 END IF S>2 THEN S=1 END END ``` Now our sprite will flip direction depending on which way it is travelling. At this point our code is becoming difficult to read, so we should add comments. ``` FUNCTION _INIT() X=64--HORIZONTAL SPRITE VALUE S=1--SPRITE SLOT F=FALSE--FLIP SPRITE HORIZONTALLY END FUNCTION _DRAW() CLS()--CLEAR SCREEN SPR(S,X,64)--DRAW SPRITE END FUNCTION _UPDATE() IF BTN(1) THEN--RIGHT KEY X=X+1--MOVE SPRITE RIGHT S=S+1--ANIMATE F=FALSE END IF BTN(0)THEN--LEFT KEY X=X-1--MOVE SPRITE LEFT S=S+1--ANIMATE F=TRUE--FLIP SPRITE END IF X>120 THEN--LIMIT X AT RIGHT EDGE OF SCREEN X=120 END IF X<0 THEN--LIMIT X AT LEFT EDGE OF SCREEN X=0 END IF S>2 THEN--LOOP ANIMATION S=1 END END ``` --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. 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